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Living Carbon — Pre-Seed
Funded Fund: T-Bird  ·  Terms: $500K on $6M post-money SAFE, 20% discount  ·  Closed: 2019-12-31
Dossier generated 2026-07-14 by /deal-dossier  ·  Deal record: recP2pRcDQuv0HHxx  ·  Source: Airtable appjxAR3LPe3fkHOp

One-Liner & Thesis

A public benefit biotech engineering trees for faster growth and higher biomass yield, sold as premium reforestation carbon credits and low-carbon-intensity biomass feedstock. The wedge is proprietary gene-edited poplar (CRISPR-based, using an exclusively licensed Oak Ridge National Lab trait) that materially outgrows native controls, deployed on abandoned mine land and degraded agricultural acreage where opportunity cost is near zero.

StoryHouse entered via T-Bird at the earliest possible checkpoint — a $6M post-money SAFE with a 20% discount, closed 2019-12-31 alongside the founders' Y Combinator W20 batch. Internal The broader early-stage backer set (over Pre-Seed and Seed / Series A) reads elite for a science-first climate company of that era — Y Combinator (batch anchor), Sam Altman, Lowercarbon Capital, and Felicis Ventures all show up as Living Carbon backers over the arc. Web Six years later the same asset backs a 1.4M-tonne Microsoft reforestation offtake and an Octopus Energy project-financing partnership sized up to $500M, at a Series B post-money of $95M — a mark-up of roughly 15× over the entry cap. Web

Investment Score & Recommendation

78/ 100
INVEST

Biggest driver: a founder pair with unusual pedigree (ex-OpenAI chief of staff plus a plant biotech technical co-founder) plus entry at a $6M cap that is now marked up ~15× against a paying Microsoft/Octopus book. Biggest drag: at the point of the pre-seed check there was zero commercial traction, and this dossier is being built retrospectively without any linked pre-seed diligence notes in Airtable.

Momentum: Accelerating Red flags: 2 / 9 Confidence: Low
Market & TAM8/10
25% weight
Team & Founder8/10
25% weight
Product & Traction7/10
20% weight
Deal Terms8/10
20% weight
VC Syndicate8/10
10% weight

Deal Box

Funding Round
Pre-Seed
Deal Terms
$500K on $6M post-money SAFE, 20% discount
Fund
T-Bird
SH Investment Date
2019-12-31
Round Context
YC W20 batch
Early Backers (Round)
Y Combinator, Sam Altman, Lowercarbon Capital, Felicis Ventures

Company Snapshot

Sector
Biotech, Climate
Location
Bay Area, California
Headcount (at last check)
5
Year Founded
2019-10-01
Total Raised (to date)
$36M
Latest Post-Money
$95M (Series B, 2025-11-03)
Website
livingcarbon.com
Status
Private, active

Market Size

~$50B
CDR Market by 2030Web
$250B+ by 2035
40%+
CAGR (durable CDR)Web
Wide range across analysts
Early
Timing (at entry)
Pre-boom, 2019

At pre-seed the CDR market barely existed as a purchasable asset class. Since then it has become a multi-billion-dollar procurement category driven by hyperscaler net-zero commitments; the 2030 view now ranges from ~$50B to well above $150B depending on how "durable" is defined. Web Living Carbon straddles the reforestation-credit sub-market and the low-CI biomass feedstock market for sustainable aviation fuel and bioenergy — a hedge against any single credit-methodology outcome.

Competition

PlayerPositioningFunding / StageEdge vs. them
Living CarbonGene-edited fast-growth poplar on mine / abandoned agricultural land; carbon credits + low-CI biomass$36M total; Series B $95M post
Charm IndustrialBio-oil from ag / forestry residues, injected underground for permanent CDRVenture-backed; Frontier / Stripe purchasesLC produces the biomass upstream; Charm uses waste residue, higher CI
Vaulted DeepSlurried organic waste (biosolids, manure) injected into geologic formationsFrontier-backed; $58M off-take purchaseDifferent feedstock; LC creates net-new biomass on marginal land
Charm / Graphyte / CoriginBiomass carbon removal & storage (BiCRS) groupMulti-round venture-backedAll buy residue; LC uniquely grows a proprietary, uniform feedstock
DAC group (Climeworks, Heirloom, 1PointFive)Direct air capture with mineralization or geologic sequestrationHundreds of millions eachNature-based cost curve vs. DAC's energy-intensive $/tonne

Moat: exclusive Oak Ridge National Lab license on a photosynthesis-enhancing trait, published field-trial biomass uplift versus native poplar, and a portfolio of site-preparation IP plus long-dated off-take contracts that competitors would have to displace, not just match. Web

Traction (Retrospective)

1.4M
Tonnes CO₂ sold (Microsoft)Web
Announced 2025-04; 25,000 acres Appalachia
Up to $500M
Octopus Energy Project FinanceWeb
Announced 2025
$36M
Total RaisedInternal
Across Pre-Seed → Series B
$95M
Series B Post-MoneyInternal
Closed 2025-11-03
~15×
Paper Multiple vs. EntryInternal
$6M cap → $95M post

Note: at the time of the pre-seed there was no commercial traction. These figures document what the pre-seed bet has grown into as of the 2025 Series B — they are not diligence signals available in December 2019.

Exit Potential

Strategic M&A
Likely Path
Oil majors, ag / forestry, hyperscaler
6–10 yr
Time to Liquidity (from entry)
Company now ~6 yrs in
Precedent
Comparable ExitsWeb
Oxy / Carbon Engineering ($1.1B); Oxy / Holocene

Precedent set by Occidental's $1.1B acquisition of Carbon Engineering and its later Holocene pickup shows large industrial buyers will pay for scarce CDR technology plus a hyperscaler off-take book — the exact profile Living Carbon has built. Web A T-Bird pre-seed entry at a $6M cap sees a 100×+ return at any exit north of ~$600M, well within striking distance if the Microsoft / Octopus book delivers on schedule.

Founders

Maddie Hall
Co-Founder & CEO
Climate tech entrepreneur building Living Carbon, a public benefit company genetically enhancing trees to increase carbon capture and long-term CO₂ storage. Before Living Carbon she was a chief of staff at OpenAI on special projects and held roles at Sequoia Capital (as a scout in climate / biotech), Y Combinator, and First Round Capital. Web
Patrick Mellor
Co-Founder
Technical co-founder responsible for the plant-biotech program. Met Maddie at a 2019 conference; his research had focused on decomposition-resistance in wood while hers was on photosynthesis enhancement, and combining the two became the founding thesis of Living Carbon. Web

Open Questions & Risks

Portfolio Next Steps

Latest Meeting Notes

No meeting notes are linked to the Pre-Seed deal record in Airtable. Substantive founder touchpoints exist on later Living Carbon deal records (Series A recSHFUdMEAXLeS50; Series B recroApH0dusDdGDL) — see those dossiers for post-2022 conversation history.

Deal Timeline

Sources

  1. Lowercarbon Capital — Living Carbon portfolio page — early Silicon Valley backers (YC, Sam Altman, Lowercarbon, Felicis).
  2. Hacker News — Launch HN: Living Carbon (YC W20) — confirms YC W20 batch and founding thesis.
  3. ClimateCap — Meet Maddie Hall & Patrick Mellor — founder backgrounds (Hall: OpenAI, Sequoia, YC; Mellor: technical co-founder) and how they met.
  4. Science / AAAS — poplar biotech coverage — supports the ORNL trait context, USDA non-regulation of the CRISPR approach, and reported growth uplift over control poplar.
  5. PR Newswire — Living Carbon × Microsoft 1.4M tonne agreement — 25,000 acres of Appalachian mine land, announced April 2025.
  6. Yahoo Finance — Living Carbon / Octopus Energy $500M deal — project financing partnership up to $500M.
  7. Globe Newswire — CDR Forecast 2025-2045 — supports ~$50B by 2030, $250B+ by 2035 view of the durable-CDR market.
  8. McKinsey — matching durable CDR supply & demand by 2030 — market timing and demand-side context.
  9. Heatmap — After a slow 2025, where does carbon removal go from here? — sector cooling, Running Tide shutdown, 13% YoY VC drop.
  10. TechCrunch — Occidental acquires Holocene — exit precedent in CDR by a major industrial buyer.
  11. Forbes — Why Oxy's Holocene acquisition signals a maturing CDR industry — market context for a strategic exit thesis.
  12. Carbon Market Network — Top Carbon Removal Companies guide — competitor set (Charm, Vaulted Deep, Graphyte, DAC group).